Low Employment Rates Of Minority Leaders At A Private

Case Study: Low Employment Rates of Minority Leaders at a Private, Research University Introduction Racial and ethnic minorities are disproportionately underrepresented in higher education leadership roles. In the absence of minorities successfully leading American colleges and universities, student recruitment, persistence, and graduation are compromised (Sandeen, 2004; Zusman, 2005). Historically, this shortage of minority leaders in leadership roles at higher education institutions comes from the initial college admissions criteria. What started off as an institution that granted access exclusively to white, wealthy Christian gentlemen is now a place where a more diverse student body can be seen in terms of race, culture, gender, ability, religion, language, socioeconomic status, and sexual orientation (Thelin, 2011). However, even though there has also been an increased emphasis on diversity as demonstrated by the implementation of affirmative action, race-based considerations in the higher education admissions process and Title IX, minorities continue to struggle to secure lea dership positions at colleges and universities (Gurin, Dey, Hurtado, Gurin, 2002). The most recent report produced by the American Council on Education (ACE) on college presidents states that the leadership within the higher education system remains white-dominated with only 13% of the presidents being racial and ethnic minorities (Cook Kim, 2012). Despite the acute lack of minorities inShow MoreRelatedThe Sentencing Of African Americans1626 Words   |  7 Pagesconstitute nearly 1 million of the total 2.3 million incarcerated; that is 60% of 30% of the African American population. African Americas are incarcerated at nearly six times the rate of whites. â€Å"Between 6.6% and 7.5% of all black males ages 25 to 39 were imprisoned in 2011, which were the highest imprisonment rates among the measured sex, race, Hispanic origin, and age groups. (Carson, E. Ann, and Sabol, William J. 2011.) Stated on Americanprogram.org â€Å" The Sentencing Project reports that AfricanRead MoreAn Ethical Dilemma: Affirmative Action, Do We Still Need It?1706 Words   |  7 PagesIt? Affirmative action still headlines stories in the media. Some in the minority groups agree that affirmative action has assisted them in so many ways, while others totally disagree with the policy altogether. The people in the majority see it as a punishment for discrimination. Is this policy ethical or unethical in hiring or admittance into higher learning institutions or hiring practices for employment? Since its inception in the 1960’s, affirmative action has become very controversialRead MoreNot that Colorblind1636 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscrimination in construction by contractors and unions, was introduced once again. The Plan required government contractors to take affirmative action to hire minority workers and to meet certain goals. In 1970, the Philadelphia Plan was the first affirmative action program. The plan quickly extended to other cities and aided the employment of minority groups. In addition, schools were soon to be slowly partial desegregated due the ruling of the Supreme Court in Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of EducationRead MoreUnequal Democracy By Larry Bartle1503 Words   |  7 Pagesideologies and interest of the wealthy, specifically under the Republican Party, while Democrats have managed to slightly decrease the gap. Bartle sheds light on how poor voters have a disadvantage in which wealthier voters are more affluent to political leaders. In addition, Bartle examines whether voting patterns of voters have contributed to the growing economic inequality, and he concludes voters do not weigh more into social and cultural issues; rather Republic presidents are good at timing income growthRead MoreUndocumented Students1332 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents, athletes, student leaders, and potential professionals. As a result of their immigration status, these young people face more struggles than documented students, when looking to continue their education after high school. Struggles include not being eligible for fed eral money and not being legally able to obtain employment upon graduation. There is a conflict between Federal and State law regarding the eligibility of undocumented students for in-state tuition rates. Section 505 of the IllegalRead More Collective Bargaining and Labour Market Outcomes for Canadian Working Women4675 Words   |  19 PagesCollective Bargaining and Labour Market Outcomes for Canadian Working Women I  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  INTRODUCTION: UNIONS, LOW PAY, AND EARNINGS INEQUALITY The major purposes of this paper are, first, to examine the impacts of collective bargaining on labour market outcomes for women workers in Canada, specifically with respect to pay, benefits coverage, the incidence of low pay and the extent of earnings inequality, and, second, to suggest ways in which positive impacts could be extended via the expansionRead MoreThe Argument For And Against The Labour Movement3655 Words   |  15 Pagesto another person but to himself. It gives a bundle of rights and identity to the person fighting in that course.[source?] â€Æ' Question 2: If you were a labour leader, what strategy would you advocate around â€Å"labour rights as human rights†? Justify your strategy. In the industry of labour unions movements, situations have changed. Most leaders are working for the recognition of labour rights as become human rights. This is evident from endless struggles and stalemates that are currently in existenceRead MoreThe New Eldercare Service Model Must Be One Of Inclusion1293 Words   |  6 PagesWealth confers many benefits that are associated with health and quality of life outcomes. Wealth creates disparities in high quality education, employment, housing, childcare, nutrition, leisure activities, access to quality medical care, and safer and cleaner neighborhoods. Economic studies, the national press, and forward thinking political leaders are reporting on the major wealth disparities that already exist in all aspects of American life. The wealth disparity between racial and ethnic groupsRead MoreThe American Labor Union Essay1621 Words   |  7 Pagesthe rising unemployment rates, then standing at 5.5 percent, to the collapsing of the major industrial sectors, there was no need for restructuring the labor movements in the idea of democratization. The primary duty of the labor movements is to protect the employees from all forms of discrimination from the government or the private sector. By 1990, many of the companies had closed down their major offices. Further, the private sectors, with some offering part-time employment at wages that are tooRead MoreEssay on Abolishing Affirmative Action1894 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative action is a policy or a program of giving certain preferences to certain (usually under-represented) groups. This typically focuses on education, employment, government contracts, health care, or social welfare. There is much debate concerning claims that it fails to achieve its desired goal, and that it has unintended and undesirable side-effects. There are also claims that the practice is itself racist or sexist Affirmative action began as a corrective measure for governmental and

Tthe Improtance of Note Taking - 1183 Words

Note taking Taking note is one of the best ways to prepare for exam. Reading different books, collecting information from other sources and merging all the notes together helps to gives a clear image and deeper understanding on specific topic. Using an outline format I try to get as much information as i can in a piece of paper and record the lecture at the same time as the tutor will not wait for the student to write notes down. Listening to the recorder again and again helps to reorganize my notes as well as avoid confusion. Recall the new terms mentioned by the teacher while teaching in lesson as they might be very important for the exam. While writing notes, I try to summarize each section on my own word by using abbreviation, different font style, bullet points and diagrams. This helps me to develop my shorthand making it easier to memorize. As well as the notes in lecture, I try using different revision aids like revision guide books and different revision websites like www.s-cool.co.uk an d www.revisionworld.co.uk. Revision guides are a very effective and good way of revising since they are very straightforward ,compressive and has all the information that are essential to get a good grade in an examination. Highlighting the crucial data using different highlighters while reading different books and underline any stressed terms. Different colourful colours grasps my eyes attention quickly further avoiding time lost and boredom whereas revision website is very easy to

Using Peled ( 1993 ) - 1476 Words

Qualitative Studies Edleson only relied upon one sample for the Qualitative Study in this article using Peled (1993, (1998). The sample included 14 preadolescent children and 12 battered women which relied upon the measure of â€Å"6 semi-structured interviews with each child with an average of 4 – 1 hour interviews per child. Mothers were interviewed one time† (Edleson, 1999, p.859). Communicating Findings Comparison Group In Fantuzzo, et al. (1991), there appears to be a lack of base line in which to rely upon the facts, due to the exclusion of what one would consider the social norms. Fantuzzo, et al. should have had a baseline in which to rely giving their study more standing. In regards to Carlson (1991), the degree of age and maturity appears to be more stable and within a comprehensive age span for a determination than it did in Fantuzzo (Edleson, 1999, p.847). The study group consisted of all teenagers. Although the age was appropriate for a comparative study, out of the 50 samples only 12 had witnessed and 25 who had never experienced abuse or domestic violence for this study. Hughes (1988) showed higher levels of behavior problems in the witnesses comparison children.(Edleson 1999, p.848) In this sample, the mothers were the primary samples and not the subject children due to influence of the parent the children possibly were hindered due to influence of the attending parent. Due to the fact that the mental health was also at issue of the respondingShow MoreRelatedRumination, Hope and Depression1473 Words   |  6 PagesTyas, Cohen, and Silverstone (2007) screened 36,984 Canadian adults from a community setting using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI; WHO, 1990). The researchers found that the female to male ratio of experiencing major depressive disorders 12-months prior to the survey was 1.64:1 (women = 1098, men = 668). In addition, women reported more depressive symptoms than men. Another study using sibling pairs found that women also experienced a greater frequency of depressive symptomsRead MoreThe Applicability of Resilienc y Models in Explaining the Prediction of Depressive Symptoms From Rumination1597 Words   |  7 PagesLyubomirsky Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993, 1995; Lyubomirsky et al., 1998; Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). Results from the current study provide additional support for rumination being a risk factor for depressive symptoms for both men and women in a sample of Australian adults. Rumination is a key antecedent for depressive outcomes as underlying cognitive effects interfere with adaptive thought processes in several ways (Lavender Watkins, 2004; Lyubomirsky Nolen-Hoeksema, 1993, 1995; Lyubomirsky et al., 1998;Read MoreCounseling Abused Women7410 Words   |  30 Pagesprofessional treatment. Suicide. Some women kill themselves or try to do so. Researches from some countries, including Sweden, and the US, have displayed that domestic violence is closely connected with suicide (Verme, Happer, Misra, and Neamatalla, 1993, p.67). Battered women who have PTSD symptoms prove to be most likely to try suicide. Alcohol and drug use. Abused women are more likely than other women to misuse alcohol and drugs (United States: Agency for International development, 1996. p.7)Read MoreThe Long Term Effects on Children Who Are Exposed to Domestic Violence7097 Words   |  28 Pageswitness violence between adults in their homes are only the most recent victims to become visible. These children have been called the silent, forgotten, and unintended victims of adult-to-adult domestic violence (Elbow, 1982; Groves et al., 1993; Rosenbaum OLeary, 1981). Studies of archived case records from social service and governmental agencies provide ample evidence that violence has long occurred at levels similar to those measured today and that children are frequently present during

Restaurants free essay sample

Local Restaurants: ‘’Banderas’’ Vs. ‘’La Gorda’’ Eating is considered as the third pleasure in the world, which it carries many demands and expectations. The society seeks mostly restaurants abundant with delectable taste and economical prices. ‘Banderas’ and ‘La Gorda’ is where people compare and contrast to know which the best is. Even though both are Mexican restaurants, they have different contrast. La Gorda is considered best by their incomparable flavor in each saucer on the menu and prices appropriate which makes it considerable for any person. In my opinion, I believe in this. First, ‘Banderas’ is a local business in a little town called Clint. Its goal is to prepare Mexican entrees such as many in the city, La Gorda shares the same goal. ’Banderas’ menu contains ‘’burritos’’, ‘’huevos Rancheros’’, ‘’tortas’’ and hamburgers mostly recognized. Society itself wants more variety in food, especially in United States when people want to eat something new and different every day like â€Å"McDonalds†, â€Å"Taco Bell† or any other commercial fast food restaurant. We will write a custom essay sample on Restaurants or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For example, people can cook ‘’Bandera’s’’ menu at the comfort of their homes, in some cases it’s found cheaper and saves the customer service (tip). These examples show that ‘’Banderas’’ has a lack of variety in food who result in a not-very-attractive place to go and eat. Second, ‘’La Gorda’’ is a local business too, located in the city of El Paso, a fairly large city compared to ‘’Bandera’s location in Clint. ‘’La Gorda’s’’ menu contains a large variety of food and fresh waters such as, the famous and delicious ‘’comidas Corridas’’ which is a small ‘’caldo de res’’ and a small portion of any traditional Mexican entrees, ‘’tortas’’,‘’burritos’’ and hamurgers according to costumer taste, ‘’enchiladas’’, ‘’flautas’’ among a list without end. The flavor of all the food is great in general. Their special touch is food like mom makes it, homemade and with dedication. Customers’ demands are served. These points of view demonstrates that ‘’La Gorda’’ is a restaurant with variety of food and excellent taste which increase recommendations to go eat and savor every bite. Previously, ‘’ Banderas’’ food prices are good but not the appropriate ones. Customers and people in general prefer a place where the price is equivalent to the food that will be asked, ‘’Banderas’’ with their lack of exquisiteness and dedication in their entrees leaves a bad opinion about the place. For example, a burrito has the price of $2. 50 dollars, a hamburger $5. 40 dollars without including French fries and tax, incredibly expensive for some people! As a result people look for other restaurants more cheap or fast food. Under those circumstances ‘’Banderas’’ is not featuring with the two main bases to be more preferred than ‘’ La Gorda’’. ‘’ La Gorda’’ food prices are appropriate ones, appropriate for what the customer is actually eating and not for what the restaurant puts you in the menu and is not. The restaurant with their completeness and prices leaves a good opinion about the place. For example, a burrito has the cost of $1. 00 dollar, plus a fresh water came a total of $2. 99, if we analyze almost the fresh water is free for $. 49 cents more than ‘’Banderas’’ restaurant. Another example could be their ‘’Comidas Corridas’’ for only $5. 99 with ice tea included. These examples show that people can get delicious food for cheaper prices in ‘’La Gorda’’ or a little bit more expensive than fast food without flavor, but at the end with a good taste and fullness in the wallet. Even though both restaurants have the similarity to cook Mexican food we can observe their differences in certain points of view. For example, the food in ‘’Banderas’’ restaurant, which demonstrates their lack in seasoning and cook. Secondly, the prices which show that is more attractive go to ‘’La Gorda’’ than ‘’Banderas’’ when people want to eat Mexican food with excellent and cheap awareness. The differences between ‘’La Gorda’’ and ‘’Banderas’’ are notorious. Definitely I went to eat ‘’La Gorda’’ instead of ‘’Banderas’’ because it is a good restaurant from their magnificent food, economic prices, good atmosphere and location stability.

Critique the Shawshank Redemption free essay sample

Can Hollywood, usually creating things for entrainment purpose only, create art? My answer would be yes, after watching the film . It is a movie released in 1994 directed by Frank Darabont. It is adapt from a short story in the novel written by Stephen King. In this novel, King demonstrates that he can break free from the genre he dominates and still create a marvelous piece of modern literature. Though the film mirrors the novel in many ways, Darabont illustrates a focused objective of improving upon the areas where the novel came up short, resulting in one of the best book to film transitions ever.The story begins with the trial of a young banker, Andy Dufrense, victimized by circumstantial evidence, resulting in a conviction for the murder of his wife and her lover. After a quick conviction, Andy finds himself serving a life sentence at Shawshank prison, with no hope of parole. We will write a custom essay sample on Critique: the Shawshank Redemption or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But he exists in this prison only in appearance, keeping his mind free from the drab walls around him. His ability to do this results in the gaining of respect from his fellow inmates, but most of all from Ellis Redding. Ellis, commonly referred to as Red, finds gainful use of his entrepreneurial spirit within the drab walls of Shawshank by dealing in contraband and commodities rare to the confines of prison. Andys demeanor and undeniable sense of hope causes Red to take a deeper look at himself, and the world around him. Andy proves to Red and the other inmates that in the conventional walls of Shawshank prison convention will find no home in his lifestyle.At the end of the story, Andy got free by digging the wall and crawling out of a 50miles stinky drill. The story may sound simple, but the truth behind the words is remarkable. When I heard the name of the film for the first time, I thought the Shawshank to be a man’s name, but in fact it’s a jail’s name—a hell in the world. Not only for the inhumanity of the jailors—they behaved brutally; but also for the jail gnawed at people’s heart by keeping them waiting and waiting as life passed. It seems that only those utterly worthless people who gave up everything could survive. But Andy’s action told everyone not to give up for hope. Even in a worse situation, there’s always a way to redeem ourselves. Andy first redeemed himself by helping the guard with his family tax and in return he asked for some beer for the group of working inmates. It encourages people to fight to preserve the dignity of human beings, to appreciate the beauty of life, and the most importance is to keep hope forever.Everyone is the same. The only difference is whether busy living or busy dying. The film tells us that even a man can live once, but if he keeps confidence, keeps hope and works his life right, then once is enough. The confidence is the bird that feels the light when the dawn is still dark, the hope is the chief happiness that this world affords, and the life should be full of the singing of the bird and the happiness hope brings.

Dna Fingerprinting Essays - Molecular Biology, Biometrics

Dna Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting DNA Fingerprinting is also referred to as DNA profiling and DNA typing. It was first developed as an identification technique in England in 1985. The original use was to expose the presence of any genetic diseases. About three years later it became used to identify criminals through the analysis of genetic material and to settle paternity disputes. It is still used for those reasons today. The DNA fingerprinting process is called gel electrophoresis. It is a process that can sort pieces of DNA according to its size. The process is done by taking samples of DNA from the crime scene and comparing it with samples from the accused. Samples are taken from biological materials like blood, semen, hair, and saliva. In the testing process the DNA samples are first entered into the wells in a gel like substance called Agarose. The gel is placed between two electrodes, one negatively charged and the other positively charged. The wells in the Agarose are inserted on the negative side because DNA has a negative charge. Molecules of DNA then travel in lanes toward the positive side. Small molecules will travel farther than the bigger ones, because they have an easier time moving through the gel. So the molecules will then be assorted according to their size. Next, the gel is X-rayed to see the parallel bands (showed by black bars on the film) in each lane. The separated molecules of DNA form a pattern of parallel bands that show the structure of the DNA. The pattern should never change for one person. In a court of law, the results of a DNA fingerprinting examination can be used to convict or acquit an accused person. If the accused's DNA matches the one at the crime scene then that person could be convicted. Critics believe that a DNA fingerprint may not yet be reliable enough to use in the court system. They question how accurate a DNA fingerprint is and the cost of it. They believe that it is not very accurate because only a segment of DNA is used and not the complete strand. A DNA fingerprint may not be unique. The confirmation of the uniqueness has not been confirmed yet. Also the process is done in private laboratories so the exact testing standards may not be followed and standardized quality controls may not be used. Human error can have false results if they do not use the exact testing standards with quality controls. The testing is very expensive and if the accused can't pay for the testing then they will not be able to defend themselves using the results of the test. Also a question is, will people misuse the process? A misuse that scares them is the unauthorized use of the database that will be created with the increasing use of the DNA fingerprint. An example of an unauthori zed use is identifying individuals with a genetic disease by looking up their personal profile without their permission. Cases Katie Hoskins at the age of 15 found the body of her murdered mother, Glenda Hoskins, inside a rolled up carpet in their loft. She was attacked by her former lover, Victor Farrant, while taking a bath. She was planning to end their three-year relationship. Before her attack she received a letter from Victor stating, take these instructions to be very serious. F*** me about or refuse to do anything I ask and you will be tied up and gagged. I will not repeat myself. You will not get a second chance. If I have to use any violence to get what I want, I will. It will make no difference to me, I'm going to get what I want either way. The choice is yours. Be good and willing to me and you will come to no harm. I will be gentle, but remember you must show willing and be responsive. In the investigation of her body they found that she was pulled by her ankles while in the tub so he could suffocate her under the water. It also turns out that he attempted to kill a prostitute, Ann Fidler, two w eeks before the death of Mrs. Hoskins. Mrs. Fidler was a prostitute who

What are Fan Behaviors towards Sports Officials at the Middle School Level

What are Fan Behaviors towards Sports Officials at the Middle School Level Abstract The objective of this project was to discuss fan behaviors towards sports officials at middle school level. In order to achieve this objective, qualitative research method was used to collect and to analyze data from different secondary sources. The results of the data analysis and literature review indicate that incidences of misbehavior among middle school students during sports events are on the rise.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on What are Fan Behaviors towards Sports Officials at the Middle School Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In particular, most students tend to show disrespect to sports officials by harassing them verbally and physically. The main factors that influence students’ behavior during sports events include frustration, high expectation, crowd demographics, performance of sports officials, and socialization. In order to improve middle school students’ behavior tow ards sports officials, parents, and teachers should collaborate and help students to internalize the principles of good sportsmanship. Introduction A sports event refers to â€Å"any interscholastic or intramural athletic activity organized and sponsored by any learning institution, the community, or a business†. Sports events are important because they promote the development of students’ leadership skills and physical wellbeing. Furthermore, they help students to identify their talents in various games such as football and basketball. Consequently, most schools promote sportsmanship among their students. Sportsmanship refers to â€Å"the values of fair play, adherence to the rules of the game, respect for opponents, and acceptance of official and referee judgements†. All stakeholders in sports events are expected to internalize all the values associated with sportsmanship. However, most students at middle school level have failed to uphold the spirit of sports manship. This can be illustrated by the rising number of incidences in which middle school students harass sports officials during or after sports events. A sports official refers to a person who is responsible for enforcing the rules of a game or supervising participants during a sports event. Statement of the Problem In the last two decades, middle school students have increasingly exhibited high levels of cynicism and negativity towards their opponents and sports officials. Deviant behaviors such as verbal abuse and physical harassment have become the norm in most middle school sports events across the country. This trend is explained in part by the fact that students want their teams to win at all costs. However, considering winning as the most important element of interscholastic sports denies students the chance to develop desirable values such as respect for others, self-discipline and responsibility. Poor character development among middle school students has led to an incre ase in the number of complaints by sports officials, especial, referees concerning various forms of harassment. Additionally, the number of referees and other sports officials who are resigning from their duties for fear of being harmed by students is on the rise.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Undoubtedly, sports officials are very important since they determine the success of any sports event. The officials are tasked with the responsibility of making judgements within a very short time in order to regulate players’ actions. In this regard, sports officials are bound to make mistakes, especially, in games such as football that are rule-oriented. Nonetheless, sports officials do not deserve harassment from middle school fans due to the mistakes they make on the playfield. If more sports officials resign from their duties, the quality of sports in most scho ols will significantly decline. It is against this backdrop that this paper seeks to shed light on the behavior of middle school students towards sports officials. Significance of the Project Previous studies have shown that the behavior of middle school students towards sports officials is deteriorating despite the efforts made by parents and teachers to promote good sportsmanship among students. Although the patterns of students’ behavior towards sports officials have been extensively documented, few studies have explained the causes of the observed students’ behaviors. Thus, this project contributes to the existing literature by identifying the behaviors of middle school students towards sports officials and the causes of such behaviors. Understanding students’ behavior towards sports officials has the following benefits. First, understanding the causes of poor sportsmanship among middle school students will help teachers and parents to develop appropriate st rategies to improve students’ behavior. Consequently, sports events will become a source of enjoyable entertainment and an opportunity to nurture the talents of students who intend to pursue careers in sports. Second, the participation of sports officials in sports events will improve if teachers are able to understand students’ behaviors and to take appropriate actions to improve sportsmanship among middle school students. This will boost the development of sports at middle school level. Review of Literature Organized sports events cannot take place without sports officials. However, sports officials’ dropout rate in various sports in the country is alarming. One of the major factors that contribute to the high dropout rate is player and fan abuse. According to Balch and Scott (2007, pp. 3-20), the personality of sports officials is similar to that of the normal population. However, middle school students tend to perceive sports officials as people with very di fferent personalities.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on What are Fan Behaviors towards Sports Officials at the Middle School Level? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Most middle school students believe that sports officials lack charisma and are excessively neurotic. This can be illustrated by the fact that any decision made by a referee in a game such as football upsets nearly half the players and viewers. The fans and players who are not able to handle their disappointments often attack referees physically or verbally. However, not every referee is able to handle wild fans and uncooperative players. This partly explains the increase in the rate of sports officials’ dropout in various games. A successful sports official must possess a unique kind of personality. The official has to be levelheaded, confident, and able to handle the pressure from fans. The decisions made in any game or sports event involves s ome form of communication between the sports official and other participants such as coaches and fans. The decision of the official must be based on the interpretation of the rules that govern the sports event that is taking place. However, most contest decisions are followed with ridicule from middle school fans and coaches whose expectations about the outcome of the contest is often very high. According to Wolfson and Neave (2007, pp. 232-247), a good official should be able to ignore the negative feedback from the unsatisfied fans and stay focused on the game. Contrary to this perspective, most officials find it difficult to concentrate on officiating games such as football without worrying about being attacked by fans. Godsdon (2001, p. 89) opine that sports officials can reduce the possibility of being attacked by unruly students if they exercise values such as honesty and objectivity when officiating games. In this regard, sports officials should avoid communicating with fans throughout a sports event in order to prevent any provocation from degenerating into a physical attack. Moreover, every school is expected to provide an administrator to control students during sports events. Crowds of fans that show enduring team involvement consist of both good and bad students. The students who lack good behavior tend to exhibit their character in terms of excessive complaints and confrontations, which are often channeled to sports officials or the opponent teams. Enduring team involvement is not the problem since the degree of association with a particular team does not vary significantly between dysfunctional and well-behaved fans (Kreager, 2007, pp. 705-724). Dysfunctional fans usually take advantage of forums such as radio talk shows and websites to attack sports officials through negative and abusive comments. Although fans are expected to question the decisions made by officials during a game, their actions often contravene the principles of good sportsmans hip. Thus, most officials expect deviant behaviors such as excessive yelling from fans in nearly every game. Given that verbal attacks are expected in every game, what matters is how sports officials deal with them. According to Kellett and Shilbury (2007, pp. 209-229), the level of unruly behavior among fans vary with the type of game or sports event that is taking place.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Middle school students are likely to misbehave in sports events such as basketball, baseball, and football because most of them hold these games in high esteem. In addition, the stakes are usually very high when a game such as football is being played since students often bet with their colleagues on the expected outcome of the game. This leads to the development of the win-at-all-costs attitude among students, which in turn causes misbehavior towards sports officials. The misbehavior of fans in middle schools and other levels of learning have led to adoption of laws that protect sports officials in some states in the United States. The laws often protect registered sports officials from being attacked physically or verbally in the course of performing their duties such as officiating sports events or immediately after officiating the events. The penalties associated with attacking a sports official varies from â€Å"a first-degree misdemeanor to a first-degree felony†. Gener ally, the need to enact laws that protect sports officials arose from a culture that promotes indecent behavior among students and coaches during interscholastic sports events. Most trained officials often turn down the offer to participate in various games if they expect to be assaulted due to trivial reasons such as fans’ dissatisfaction with a contest decision. The stress experienced by sports officials as they officiate various games is mainly explained by the â€Å"fear of failure, fear of physical harm, and time pressure†. These fears arise as students put pressure on sports officials to take actions that satisfy their needs even though such actions might not be appropriate. Players in various sports events often receive emotional support from their team managers and coaches. They are often trained to cope with failure and to ignore the negative feedback that they may receive from fans. By contrast, sports officials hardly receive any emotional support during spo rts events. The officials are often â€Å"left alone during times of harassment, with no support from fans, coaches, or school administrators†. This leads to isolation during times of stress. As a result, most officials experience high levels of mental and physical tiredness as they perform their duties. Ultimately, most officials terminate their commitment to serve middle school students as referees or umpires. Previous studies indicate that middle school students’ propensity to misbehave during sports events is influenced by personal and environmental factors. Deindividuation is one of the factors that lead to misbehavior towards sports officials. Deindividuation refers to â€Å"immersion to a group to the point that one loses a sense of self-awareness and feels lessened responsibility for one’s actions†. Deindividuation weakens self-control, thereby increasing the ease with which fans are influenced by their surroundings. As a result, spectators may mo b, insult, or threaten sports officials. Most fans take advantage of the anonymity provided by a group setting to misbehave. Personal accountability declines and responsibility diffuses as fans increase their involvement in group activities. Consequently, even the well-behaved fans may be encouraged to imitate bad behaviors such as yelling at officials in order to conform to the groups that they identify with. Disinhibition is a common characteristic of passionate fans of various sports events. Disinhibition is a state in which an individual’s ability to control his or her behavior, emotions, and impulses are greatly reduced. It leads to a situation in which fans are less concerned about the consequences of their behaviors or what others think about them. Disinhibition eliminates the normal constraints on behavior â€Å"such as long-term norms, self-monitoring, and self-awareness†. In this context, fans’ behaviors are mainly influenced by their immediate emotion s rather than rationality and self-control. Consequently, fans may express themselves in a manner that contravenes the principles of good sportsmanship. For example, a very passionate fan may cheer his team by shouting too much or insulting a sports official whose decision he disagrees with. Frustration is a major determinant of students’ participation in violent acts during sports events. Frustration leads to aggression under circumstances in which fans believe that their chance to win in a particular contest was thwarted by a decision made by a sports official. Students can respond to their frustrations by attacking sports officials as a means of compensating for their loss. This perspective is supported by the fact that dysfunctional fans consider their violent behaviors as a product of hard work rather than an intention to hurt sports officials. In particular, violent fans tend to believe that engaging in violent behaviors is an effective means of fighting for a win that they deserve. Frustration increases arousal when students are disappointed with the outcome of a sports event. Moreover, socialization greatly influences students’ behavior towards sports officials. Students who often watch violent movies are likely to engage in violent behaviors during sports events. Moreover, they are likely to use weapons to attack sports officials and their opponents or teammates. Crowd demographic is also a determinant of middle school students’ behavior towards sports officials during and after a sports event. Several studies indicate that male students are more likely to engage in violent behaviors than females students are. Similarly, sports events that involve teams from different schools are usually characterized with violence because stakes are often vary high. Students from each school usually focus on winning at all costs in order to show their superiority. In this case, sports officials can be on the receiving end if they make any mistake that causes one team to lose. Methods and Procedures Qualitative research method was used to collect and to analyze the data used to discuss the behavior of middle school students towards sports officials. Qualitative research method was suitable for this project since it focuses on meanings, perspectives, and understandings. In particular, it focuses on determining the meanings that people attach to their behavior, as well as, how they interpret various situations. Additionally, qualitative research focuses on determining people’s perspectives on various issues in their surroundings. Thus, the qualitative research method facilitated the analysis of the perspectives of various researchers concerning the behavior of middle school students towards sports officials. The data used in this project was collected through a thorough review of the literature on the behavior of middle school students towards sports officials. This involved reading and analyzing the findings of previou s studies and the theories that have been developed to explain fans’ behavior during sports events. Generally, the data was collected from secondary sources such as academic textbooks, peer reviewed journals, and reports of previous studies. The advantages of using secondary sources of data include the following. First, secondary sources of data on students’ behavior during sports events are readily available through various platforms such as online libraries and e-books. This reduced the time required to collect and to analyze the data needed to complete the project. Second, secondary sources of data present the views of different researchers and scholars. Thus, it was easy to understand students’ behavior and to analyze the factors that influence it in an objective manner. Despite these benefits, some secondary sources of data are likely to have unreliable information. Consequently, only academic textbooks and peer reviewed journals were used to ensure that th e conclusions of the project are based on reliable information. Hermeneutic analysis was used to analyze the data collected for the project. Hermeneutic analysis involves gaining an â€Å"in-depth understanding of the meanings of human practices, culture, works of art and text†. In this project, data analysis involved reviewing and interpreting existing literature on middle school students’ behavior towards sports officials. The interpretations were used to make conclusions about the project’s topic. Conclusion Results and Analysis The literature reviewed indicates that cases of misbehavior towards sports officials are on the rise in middle schools. This has led to adoption of laws that protect sports officials from harassment as they perform their duties. Students usually respond to the decisions made by sports officials through deviant behaviors such as verbal and physical harassment. The main factors that determine students’ behavior during sports even ts include frustration, crowd demographics, the performance of sports officials, and students’ socialization. The misbehavior of middle school students during sports events can be explained by three theories namely, the social learning theory, instinct theory, and frustration-aggression hypothesis. According to the social learning theory, an individual acquires a new behavior by watching and imitating others. In this context, well-behaved students can gradually learn bad behaviors from their colleagues and begin to practice them. Thus, students’ behavior towards sports officials illustrates what they learn from their colleagues and the society in general. According to the instinct theory, aggression is an inborn drive. In particular, aggression is an intrinsic drive that can be discharged or fulfilled. This suggests that students can use sports events to discharge pent-up aggression. For example, the celebrations that follow a win in a particular game can help in reduc ing stress and aggression among students. By contrast, a sports event can increase aggression if students fail to achieve their objectives or goals. This leads to deviant behaviors such as harassing sports officials. The frustration-aggression hypothesis posits that frustration only prepares an individual for an aggressive reaction. Thus, an individual may or may not express aggression when frustrated. This perspective is illustrated by the fact that responsible students often avoid engaging in deviant behaviors during sports events even if they are frustrated. However, an increase in frustration is likely to result into expression of aggression. Discussion and Reflection Sports events play a key role in the development process of students at the middle school level. Teachers and parents value good sportsmanship and expect students to engage actively in sports events. Unfortunately, the level of sportsmanship among students in middle schools is deteriorating. This failure can be att ributed to the permissiveness of the society and school administrators towards aggression in sports events. Parents and teachers alike engage in deviant behaviors during sports events within and outside schools, thereby setting bad precedence for students. Students, on the other hand, have over time developed the culture of winning at all costs, which leads to misbehavior during sports events. 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